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General elections were held in Pakistan on 11 May 2013 to elect the members of the 14th National Assembly and to the four provincial assemblies of Punjab, Sindh, Baluchistan and Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa. Elections were held in all four provinces, Islamabad's federal capital territory and in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas. The remaining two territories of Pakistan, the Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan, were ineligible to vote due to their disputed status. Allegations on systematic vote rigging, favoritism, and ethnicity trends on political parties marred with controversy regarding the nationwide elections; this eventually led to anti–government march that called for electoral reforms in 2014. The fifth largest democracy and second largest Muslim democracy after Indonesia in the world,〔http://www.artic.ua.es/biblioteca/u85/documentos/1808.pdf〕 the elections are noted for the first civilian transfer of power following the successful completion of a five-year term by a democratically elected government. Election took place in 272 constituencies, whilst a further 70 seats were awarded to parties having been reserved for women and minority groups; none of the parties achieved the 172 seats needed for an overall majority. The Pakistan Muslim League (N) won the largest number of votes and seats but still fell six seats short; this resulted in a hung parliament where no party was able to command a majority in the National Assembly. Initial results saw the hung parliament for a second consecutive general election– the first being the prior general election in 2008. Potential for a hung parliament was widely considered and predicted as both country's politicians were better prepared for the constitutional process that would follow such a result, in contrast to 2008. Speculations for the potential hung parliament were dismissed when the independent candidates joined the PML(N) which allowed party to form a simple-majority government by bringing on-board nineteen independent candidates, thirteen more than the minimum required to form a government. This swing ultimately resulted in Nawaz Sharif becoming the new Prime Minister of Pakistan.〔 Prior to the elections, the leftist PPP formed an alliance with PML(Q), while on the conservative side, the PML (N) allied with PML(F) and ''Sunni Movement''. Cricketer-turned-politician Imran Khan led the centrist PTI, with the ''Shia Movement'' and Jamaat-e-Islami contested the elections. == Background == (詳細はConstitution's stipulation on Time of conducting elections in the country, the () election are to be held at an interval of five years or whenever parliament is dissolved by the President.〔Article 52 in (Chapter 2, Party III ) of the Constitution of Pakistan〕 Upon dissolution of the National Assembly (a lower house of the Parliament), the elections are to be held within a period of sixty days immediately under a caretaker set–up.〔Article 224 (Clause 1) in (Chapter 2, Party VIII ) of the Constitution of Pakistan〕 The previous elections were held in February 2008 and its term naturally expired on February 2013. In mid-January 2013, Sufi cleric and politician Dr. Tahir-ul-Qadri led a Long March from Lahore to Islamabad, which is over 350 km, demanding the electoral reforms, the quick dissolution of the National Assembly and a precise date for the election. The march attracted about ~50,000 participants from across Pakistan and ended peacefully. However, this appeared to have little impact on the PPP government who continued on as per normal, and were seemingly following their plan as to when to announce elections. The anti-corruption activism led by Imran Khan gathered momentum and political interests.〔 In the run up to the elections, a US Congressional report provided a brief overview of the PPP government between 2008 to 2013. The annual report included the input of 16 US intelligence agencies, including the CIA, which pointed the policies and performances of the PPP government during their five-year term. The report wanted that "Economically, trouble looms. Pakistan, with its small tax base, poor system of tax collection, and reliance on foreign aid, faces no real prospects for sustainable economic growth. The government has been unwilling to address economic problems that continue to constrain economic growth. The PPP government has made no real effort to persuade its disparate coalition members to accept much-needed monetary policy and tax reforms, because members are simply focused on retaining their seats in the upcoming elections." 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pakistani general election, 2013」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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